Police Discretion - 1548 Words

Police Discretion David Gonzalez University of Phoenix Introduction to Policing CJA/370 Professor John W. Feltgen June 23, 2005 Abstract In this paper I will discuss police discretion and the use of these discretionary powers in the law enforcement workplace. I will explore the mythical aspects of police discretionary powers and the source of this myth. I will further discuss the control of discretionary authority. I will name instances of law enforcement officials using their discretionary powers to enforce laws and why the exercised this privilege. Police Discretion The use of discretion in law enforcement is extremely important to a police officers mission. Unfortunately, special interests, politicians, and corruption have†¦show more content†¦While investigating this tip he encounters two undocumented aliens. After questioning them for a couple of minutes he determines that they are unrelated to his investigation. To detain and process these two aliens would be time-consuming. Knowing that there is nobody available to assist him with this arrest, the patrol agent at this point has the discretionary authority to continue his investigation unimpeded by the two aliens by allowing them to go free. Under this circumstance it would be justified since the possibility exist that he may uncover a major drug loading area. A police officer encounters three males loitering in a public garage. Further investigation uncovers one of them has a bench warrant for unpaid parking tickets. In some jurisdictions the officer will be given the choice of detaining the individual or simply letting him know that he needs to take care of his tickets as soon as possible. This is done so that an officer will not get tied up dealing with a minor violation and allows him to continue his duties. A police officer assigned to enforcing traffic laws that evening sees a motorist traveling above the speed limit. The officer may allow the motorist to get by on a warning since the motorist was not traveling at dangerous speeds and the motorist appeared genuinely embarrassed and remorseful that he had committed a trafficShow MoreRelatedPolice Discretion1244 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Police Discretion Jocelyn Golphin University of the District of Columbia Criminal Justice System 2/21/2014 Golphin 2 Police discretion is a very important approach in matters concerning criminal justice. There has been a consistent problem between enforcing the law and the spirit of the law. Discretion in the broader sense can be defined as the individual’s ability to make a decision basing on the principle of courses of the action. During trainingRead MorePolice Discretion1050 Words   |  5 PagesPolice Discretion Police discretion is the ability to choose a course of action because of broad limits of power. It refers to the autonomy an officer has in choosing an appropriate course of action (The Police In America, 113). It includes authority to decide which of the various means of helping the helpless, maintaining order, and keeping the peace are best suited to particular circumstances (www.worldandi.com/specialreport/1989/january/Sa15878.htm). The police need to have discretionRead MorePolice Abuse Of Discretion And Discretion2015 Words   |  9 Pages Police Abuse of Discretion William Powell Jr. American Military University Professor Robert Arruda CMRJ303 Criminology January 17, 2014 Abstract Utilizing the research from several sources and personal experience, this paper will discuss police abuse of discretion. The paper will begin by defining discretion. The paper will examine several types of discretion variables. The paper will discuss its use in the field and office settings. The paper will discussRead MorePolice Discretion1418 Words   |  6 PagesPolice discretion by definition is the power to make decisions of policy and practice. Police have the choice to enforce certain laws and how they will be enforced. Some law is always or almost always enforced, some is never or almost never enforced, and some is sometimes enforced and sometimes not (Davis, p.1). Similarly with discretion is that the law may not cover every situation a police officer encounters, so they must use their discretion wisely. Until 1956, people thought of police discretionRead MoreDefinition Of Discretion And Police Discretion2054 Words   |  9 PagesThe term discretion has several meanings the liberty to decide what should be done in a specific circumstance is one general universal definition. But when dealing with criminal justice and police work the description changes a bit. The criminal justice definition of discretion is Police discretion discusses the authority given to a police officer that allows him or her to decide how to best handle a certain situation. This is designed at increasing the flexibility of the criminal justice systemRead MorePolice Discretion2131 Words   |  9 PagesDiscretion is defined as the authority to make a decision between two or more choices (Pollock, 2010). More specifically, it is defined as â€Å"the capacity to identify and to document criminal and noncriminal events† (Boivin ump; Cordeau, 2011). Every police officer has a great deal of discretion concerning when to use their authority, power, persuasion, or force. Depending on how an officer sees their duty to society will determine an officer’s discretion. Discre tion leads to selective enforcementRead MorePolice Discretion2677 Words   |  11 PagesFrom a criminological perspective discretion can be defined as the authority granted by law to agencies and officials to act on their own considered judgement and conscience in certain situations; and each area of the legal system (judges, parliament and law enforcement) has its own discretion. Police discretion is the ability granted by the legal system to police offices, in certain situations, to act in a manner that allows authorities to make responsible decisions and individual choices or judgmentsRead MoreEssay on Police Discretion1425 Words   |  6 PagesPolice Discretion Discretion, uncertainly, and inefficiently are rampant and essential in criminal justice. Nobody expects perfection. That would neither be good nor fair. Justice is a sporting event in which playing fair is more important than winning. Law enactment, enforcement, and administration all involve trading off the possibility of perfect outcomes for security against the worst outcomes. Policing is the most visible part of this: employees on the bottom have more discretion thanRead MoreDisadvantages Of Police Discretion835 Words   |  4 PagesAssignment 2 Discretion can be defined as the availability of choice of options or actions. We all use discretion each and every day with all the decisions we make in our day to day lives. With that being said police also use discretion but theirs have the ability to change people’s lives on the daily basis. They have to make those decisions each and every day not knowing how it will affect the person’s life. Discretion is something that is a very necessary part of police work. One of the reasonRead MoreEssay On Police Discretion1053 Words   |  5 PagesPolice Discretion is one of the many tool officers have a choice to use when making decision in enforcing the law. Officer have the option to use discretion were the officers see fit. They do not have to issue a citation or arrest in many cases a warning many be justified. Many of the outcomes could be determine by several factors which include the subjects attitude, the crime and the person past history. In some cases, a subjectà ¢â‚¬â„¢s social status and financial status in the community have also have

The Benefits of Organic Foods - 1149 Words

Benefits of Organic Foods Introduction: In spite of the fact that organic foods have been proved to have a better effect on peoples health in comparison to conventional foods served in supermarkets, the fact that people continue to buy their food without expressing interest in its provenience makes it possible for one to understand that the masses have failed to comprehend the full complexity of the problem at hand. People need to understand that the You are what you eat expression applies perfectly in their case and that it is essential for them to get actively involved in creating lifestyles that reflect positively on their health. Even with this, I have trouble determining whether or not organic foods are actually very important when considering nutrition. Body: Organic foods from a global perspective dealing with profits and trends Recent advancements in the medical world have made it possible for the masses to resort to taking medicine whenever they feel ill. As a consequence, people came to consider that pills are the answer to unhealthy diets and that they thus no longer require buying organic foods in order to live healthier. It is thus essential to determine whether it would be more effective for individuals to stick to traditional foods sold in non-specialized shops or if it would be better for them to focus on consuming organic foods only. Individuals in the contemporary society follow a trend by expressing interest in buying organic foods and retailersShow MoreRelatedOrganic Foods : The Benefits Of Organic Food913 Words   |  4 Pagesyour food came from? Whether it be â€Å"organic† or non-organic, what are the things you take note of when purchasing either of the two? Firstly, what is considered organic must be considered. What classifies a product as organic relies solely on how the product was grown, if it was in a natural way with no growth hormones or harmful chemicals. People who tend to eat organic food as opposed to non-organic do so for a variety of reasons. A few big reasons are the natural process in which organic foodRead MoreOrganic Food Benefits Of Organic Foods Essay1122 Words   |  5 PagesOrganic Foods I chose the topic organic food benefits. Are you concerned about the health of yourself and that of your family? You should be. You might be surprised to learn of the chemicals known to exist in the foods we eat daily. I hope to evaluate the benefits of organic food versus those of conventional food and then you can make your own decision based on my presentment. Organic food is an alternative to conventional food. It is marketed as pure, wholesome, natural, and still small scale. PeopleRead MoreBenefits And Benefits Of Organic Foods950 Words   |  4 Pages3 November 13, 2014 Mrs. Lumpkins Benefits of Organic Foods Sales of organic food have risen steadily over the past couple of years, reaching nearly $30 billion in 2011, or 4.2% of all U.S. food and beverage sales, (Adams). Many people believe that organic foods are ultimately the better choice when it comes to health due to the absence of pesticides and hormones. But other people—especially those whose food budgets may be more defined—wonder if organic food is really worth the inflated price tagRead MoreBenefits of Organic Food2364 Words   |  10 PagesThe Benefits of Organic Food—Draft #1 Organic food, once only found in health food stores, is now a consistent element at local supermarkets. So what is the difference between a conventionally grown apple and an organic one? The answer is in the way the crop is grown and what it is and is not exposed to. In order to be labeled â€Å"organic† the farmer who grew it used renewable resources and conservation of soil and water methods. Also, organic farmers do not use conventional pesticides or weed killersRead MoreOrganic Farming: Organic Food Benefits Essay1039 Words   |  5 PagesOrganic Food Benefits With the importance of leading a healthy lifestyle being abundantly clear, healthy food choices are now in the spotlight. The demand for organic foods among U.S. consumers is on the rise due to the assumption that it is a healthier and safer food choice. As a consequence of staggering amounts of greenwashing thrust upon consumers today, labels and claims of health benefits have become overwhelming and confusing. Buyers must seek the facts for nutrition and safety informationRead MoreNutritional Benefits Of Organic Foods1218 Words   |  5 Pagesalternatives, the organic food industry is quickly expanding. The U.S. organic foods market has rapidly grown from $3.5 billion in 1996 to $28.6 billion in 2010 according to the clinical report of Organic Foods: Health and Environmental Advantages and Disadvantages written by Joel Forman and Janet Silverstein. But should we purchase and consume more organically grown produce, meats, dairy products, and grains than conventionally grown foods ? As the organic food section in local food supermarkets continueRead MoreThe Health Benefits of Eating Organic Foods1166 Words   |  5 Pagesclothing, water, and food. In the past when individuals were able to provide for themselves and their families they were able to be content. In the present day however, there is an increasing concern about what type of food is best. Another question is, what type of food should one provide for their family? There are pros and cons to almost every situation. Eating organic food leads to a healthier lifestyle. More and more people are drawing the conclusion that eating organic food leads to a healthierRead MoreThe Benefits of Organic Food to Human Health1193 Words   |  5 PagesThe benefits of organic food to human health. Organic refers to the way agricultural foods is produced and processed. It is using methods and materials that are of low impact to the environment. And the primary goal is to optimize the health and productivity of interdependent communities of soil life, plants and people. Research published in a 2001 study showed that the current fruit and vegetables that are conventionally grown in the United States have about half the vitamin content of theirRead MoreOrganic Food And Farming Benefits For Health826 Words   |  4 PagesOrganic Food and Farming Benefits for Health To the casual shopper it may appear that one of the biggest differences between organic and non organic food can be found on the price tag, however, it is important to realize that the true cost of food is not necessarily the price listed on the price tag. Looking more into the quality, how its made and where the food comes from, is beneficial in our choice of the food we pick. Picking organic food have become ever-so popular. Organic food is grown orRead MoreLittle Evidence Of Health Benefits From Organic Foods Essay1188 Words   |  5 Pageshealth benefits from organic foods, study finds† Michelle Brandt argues that certified organic fruits, vegetables, meats, dairy and other certified organic food goods, may not be worth the higher prices. Brandt states that certified organic is around 50% more expensive at most retailers. Opposing views of certified organic goods have often claimed that the higher prices are worth the health benefits. Brandt states that there have been mul tiple studies done on the various types of organic and certified

My Expectation of Women Role Free Essays

Throughout the centuries, a woman’s role in the society has been dictated by the needs of the then more powerful male gender. The male dictated role of women centered around the predominant needs of the men in the society such as needing a woman to keep house, prepare their meals, and continue the blood line of the males. Women in those times where not allowed to have any lofty dreams and ambition that leaned towards their self learning and fulfillment as an individual with their own rights and needs. We will write a custom essay sample on My Expectation of Women Role or any similar topic only for you Order Now This is not to say that all women of today are career oriented. There are still those who wish to become regular housewives and fall into the traditional definition of a married woman. Then, there are those who would rather have a career or a career and a family. Clearly, the expectation men and society now have of the females have continued to evolve and become something that is now acceptable to most men. It has been proven by the period of time known as Women’s Suffrage, that women have always wanted to be in an equal partnership with men and they were willing to fight tooth and nail, endure embarrassment, ridicule and jail time, in order to win that acceptance and rights. Now, women clearly work alongside men as an equal in all aspects of society. This, they accomplish even while maintaining their traditional role as homemakers. Forbes Magazine recently came out with their list of the richest and most powerful women in the world. That magazine issue is a testament to how the expectations of women in today’s world have changed dramatically. Oprah Winfrey, Martha Stewart, Katie Couric, Barbara Walters, are all but a few of the women today who wield extra ordinary power in the boardroom. Women have proven their worth in all fields of business, research, music, and other various fields. No longer are the descriptions; President and CEO reserved for powerful men. It has become a non-sexist term to define who calls the shots in the company. Oprah Winfrey and Martha Stewart are self made billionaires and millionaires who worked long and hard to reach the pinnacles of their successful careers. Let us not forget there are also markets where only a woman can be expected to deliver the business needs of the company. The cosmetics field is a major area where only women can be expected to deliver the goods. Pioneering women knew how to succeed in a business area that men had no idea how to penetrate. Fashion and cosmetic companies such as Liz Claiborne, Donna Karan, and Mary Kay were all founded by visionary women of the times they lived in. These women have proven that with the help of dreams, ambitions, a go-getter attitude, and the will to succeed, nothing can stop a woman from achieving a successful career. As such, the women also become important contributors to the development of society at large. A solid example of this concept is the way the Mary Kay Cosmetics company came into being. Founded by Mary Kay Ash, she took ideas she had learned from men and employed ordinary housewives who evolved into successful businesswomen. Their trademark prize for successful employees, the Pink Cadillac was the status symbol of its time. It signified an independent and successful woman. The Mary Kay agents showed the world that women could use their own ability for successful careers and become important assets to companies. Obviously, human resources also continue to increase by using skilled female labor, a notion much realized in both government and private sectors. Taking advantage of certain abilities brought by women allows achievements on a much more efficient and diverse progression in societal development. These also help in dispelling the old sexist norms that the male thinking of the past put into place. People become more open minded, escaping the trap of ignorance and prejudice. This change in gender roles can also be seen as a reaction to previous and existing economic conditions. This development of the woman’s work ethic and role is seen as a way for women to break free of the old traditions women were forced to endure in the past because men controlled the world. Women are no longer repressed and have found their voice to declare their freedom and independence. Women now have the choice to be plain housewives or career-housewives. Being at home 24 hours a day, 7 days a week is no longer the way to judge the capabilities of wives and mothers. Career wives and mothers have successfully blended their work and home needs seamlessly and have proven that with proper time management, a woman can do what is needed from her. Women are now the examples of their families. They are the examples that their daughters emulate and the training ground for their sons to learn how to treat women when they grow up.   Daughters now have a chance to realize what they have to do in their future, and motivate themselves. If the wife stays with her traditional household position, it could possibly perpetuate the sexist notion that a woman’s place is limited. For example, in poor family, the wife must also work hard with her husband to support their families. If the children are at a mature age, they can notice their household’s economy and parental support easily. At some point they will understand the tired look on their parent’s faces after a long day of work, and relate their heavy school loads. To some children this motivates them to want to pick up their slack and chip in to help by getting a part time job. Getting a better education not because their parents want them to, but because by that point they are mature enough to see that even when their parents had to lay down the law for their own good to get higher salary job, that at that point not only it was for themselves but for the better of mankind and perhaps to take care of them when they grow old and need that help in return. Every child always wants their parents to be happy. Next example, if the mother is a great executive person and works in company, it would inspire her children. One of purpose of our lives is to go over our parent’s position. That’s why I believe that they give positive image to children. I foresee that women’s roles in the future will be even further enhanced. The differences that used to be in place, as set by man shall be torn down and men and women will continue to compete for jobs and places in society on ever equaling grounds. . This mentality will surely create a better society by setting positive examples for future generations. Women such as Hillary Rodham Clinton and Nancy Pellosi have given a strong voice of motivation and representation to many that are still victims of ignorance. They and many others show, without a doubt in mind, that this trend towards equality is hard earned, yet worth it in the end. Work Cited Daily M., Catherine. † The Evolution of the American Woman – R – Equality in the Workplace – Women in Business†.   Business Horizons. March-April, 1993 http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1038/is_n2_v36/ai_13815055 How to cite My Expectation of Women Role, Essay examples

Negative And Positive Factors For Universal Hospital †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Negative And Positive Factors For Universal Hospital. Answer: Introduction Universal hospital, AL Ain city, Abu Dhabi is one of the major hospital chains in the United Arab Emirates with having diverse range of services. This includes neurosciences to obesity and dentistry. Moreover, there are expanding their base in the United Arab Emirates with opening more hospitals (Malik, Abdallah Hussain, 2016). However, in the current scenario, the competition is increasing in the heath care sector and with the entry of the global brands, it is more important for Universal hospital to determine and identify their positive and negative factors and initiate strategic options accordingly. In addition, it is also important for them to determine the available strategic options for their business enhancements. This report will discuss about the negative and positive factors for Universal hospital, AL Ain city. In accordance to these factors, different strategic options will be discussed in relation to the Ansoff matrix. SWOT analysis of Universal hospital Strengths One of the major strengths of the Universal hospital is the brand value. This is due to the reason that Universal hospital is one of the major chains of hospitals entire region of United Arab Emirates (Ramaswamy Ozcan, 2016). Their enhanced and positive brand value helps them to attract more customers compared to others. Universal hospital is present in the centre of the city and just 2o minutes drive from the Abu Dhabi International Airport. Thus, they are having the strength of location advantage. They are having diversified services as offerings. For instances, patients will have the facilities of neurological treatment along with dentistry and different pathological services (Qiu, 2014). Hence, this can be treated as their strengths due to the reason that with having the diverse service offerings, diverse range of customers can get attracted. Universal hospital is having their number of branches across United Arab Emirates. Thus, their capability is their strengths due to the reason that with having number of branches across United Arab Emirates, the target customer segments are more. Therefore, more target customer segments reflects more generation of the revenue (Spiess et al., 2014). According to the information available from the official website of Universal hospital, they are having state of art facilities of providing latest medical treatment to the patients. The technology of them is at par of the global standards and is latest in the industry. Thus, it helps them to create positive word of mouth among the customers and it also helps them to retain their existing customers effectively. Weaknesses One of the major weaknesses of them is the status of late entrant in the market. This is due to the reason that Universal hospital was founded just a few years ago. However, before their foundation, there are other hospitals already being established in the domestic market. Hence, it is difficult for them to compete with the established players being a new comer in the market. Access to the resources is also limited for them as they have just entered the health care market. Some other established players in the same industry are having more access to the capital. This is restricting Universal hospital to invest more in different departments as accordance to the industrial requirement. They are only having their presence in the domestic market of the United Arab Emirates. Thus, their market presence and opportunities are also limited with not having any opportunity to tap the global or foreign customers. This is another reason for them to trail behind their global competitors. With not having the global presence, their brand value is also not getting enhanced or exposed. Differentiation strategy is not present in the business strategies of Universal hospital. This can also be considered as one of their key weaknesses due to the reason that without having the differentiation strategy, it is difficult for Universal hospital to create distinctive image in the market and to stay ahead in the competition (Ray Gehani, 2013). In addition, without having the differentiation strategy, it is also difficult for them to attract customers by offering distinctive service offerings. It is limiting their sources of gaining competitive advantages (Lechner Gudmundsson, 2014). Opportunities Average customer income in the global market for the major section of population is increasing. Thus, it will be an opportunity for Universal hospital to tap this growing market. The more will be the income of the global population, the more potential will be the market opportunities. In the current time, the intensity of diseases and health concerns for the people are increasing, which will be an opportunity for Universal hospital to increase their market share and each. Customer preference for having modern day health care is increasing and thus it is an opportunity for Universal hospital to attract more customers. Economy of the United Arab Emirates is rapidly increasing along with purchasing power of the average population (Kamal Hassan Saadi Halbouni, 2013). Thus, demand for having proper health care is increasing and it is a huge opportunity for the Universal hospital. Threats One of the threats for Universal hospital in their business operation is the threat of new entrants. United Arab Emirates is attracting huge foreign investment in the recent time and thus more global players are entering in the health care sector (Omri, 2014). This is increasing the threat of more competition in the market. It is important for Universal hospital to be effective enough in cutting of the competition. Economic recession is another potential threat for them due to the reason that purchasing power of the customers will get reduced with having economic recession and they may get less attracted towards the higher end health care services (Cowling et al., 2015). Rapid advancement in the technology is another potential threat for the Universal hospital due to the reason that it will incur added cost for them in frequently changing existing technologies. Thus, they should adopt sustainable approach to the initiation of technology. Growth strategies of Universal hospital Figure: 1 Market growth strategies Market development strategy The first element is the market development strategy. With the help of this strategy, Universal hospital can develop new markets with their existing service offerings. Universal hospital can enter in foreign market in the Middle Eastern regions with their medical facilities (Malysheva et al., 2016). This will help in having more number of target segments with the same service offerings. In addition, they have gained enough expertise in the health care sector, which will help them to enter in the foreign market effectively. They should have their branches in the domestic regions also where currently they are not present. Market penetration strategy Market penetration strategy will help Universal hospital to further penetrate in the existing market with the existing service offerings. In this case, pricing strategy will play a huge role (Johanson Mattsson, 2015). This is due to the reason that if they can offer their service in more affordable and competitive price levels, then more customer segments can get attracted and will have more market share in the existing market. This strategy will also enable Universal hospital to invest less in having a viable strategic option. Product development strategy Initiation of the product development strategy will help Universal hospital to develop newer service offerings for the existing market. Thus, it will help them to target the existing market holistically by offering different level of services. For instance, apart from the existing services of the Universal hospital, newer services such as cancer treatment facilities will help them to target more diverse range of customers in the existing market and thus the customer segments will get increased (Zeschky, Winterhalter Gassmann, 2014). It will also cost less compared to the product diversification strategy due to the reason that developing products in the related business line of Universal hospital will ensure that less cost and expertise is required in developing new products. Market diversification strategy Diversification strategy will enable Universal hospital to develop and offer new service in the new market. For instance, Universal hospital can have medical schools and colleges for education along with their hospitals. These schools can be built in the new locations with having higher number of potential medical graduates. This will help them to reduce the dependency from the single business line of only having hospitals and can have diversified range of businesses (Bowen, Baker Powell, 2015). In addition with the help of the market diversification strategy, they will be able to set their footprints in the new markets. Unrelated diversification strategies It is recommended that Universal hospitals can have medical colleges and training institutes nursing in different locations. This will help to tap the education sector also. Moreover, this will also help universal hospital to have their sourcing of the human resources without external assistances. Integrative growth strategies It is recommended that universal hospital should initiate vertical backward integration should be initiated. This is due to the reason that with the help of the backward integration, the cost of sourcing raw materials will get reduced for them. Universal hospital can acquire the firms, which will enable them to have own manufacturing facilities of their raw materials. Forward integration is already being initiated by the Universal hospital due to the reason that they already cater to the end customers with their service offerings (Glock Kim, 2015). However, it is also being recommended they should offer the customer service and medicine support by their own. Initiation of the horizontal integration will help them in cutting off the competition and creating more market share in less time. It is recommended that they should go for the initiation of the merger strategy with the established health care players in other markets in order to gain market presence in the global market. Merging with the health care organizations in the foreign market will help to leverage on the brand value of the partnered firm in operating in the foreign markets. Conclusion Thus, it can be concluded that there are various strategic options available for Universal hospital in developing their future business. This essay discussed about the positive and negative factors for Universal hospital in order to determine their business effectiveness and competitiveness in dealing with the market challenges. Various issues and challenges are being identified in this essay. In accordance to these challenges, different strategic options are being discussed in this essay. It can be concluded that effective implementation of these strategies will help Universal hospital to enhance their business performance and made them more effective in enhancing their business potentiality. This essay also discussed about the integrative growth strategies, which will help them to initiate business integration process effectively. References Bowen, H. P., Baker, H. K., Powell, G. E. (2015). Globalization and diversification strategy: A managerial perspective.Scandinavian Journal of Management,31(1), 25-39. Cavusgil, S. T., Knight, G. (2015). The born global firm: An entrepreneurial and capabilities perspective on early and rapid internationalization.Journal of International Business Studies,46(1), 3-16. Cowling, M., Liu, W., Ledger, A., Zhang, N. (2015). What really happens to small and medium-sized enterprises in a global economic recession? UK evidence on sales and job dynamics.International Small Business Journal,33(5), 488-513. Glock, C. H., Kim, T. (2015). The effect of forward integration on a single-vendormulti-retailer supply chain under retailer competition.International Journal of Production Economics,164, 179-192. Johanson, J., Mattsson, L. G. (2015). Internationalisation in industrial systemsa network approach. InKnowledge, Networks and Power(pp. 111-132). Palgrave Macmillan, London. Kamal Hassan, M., Saadi Halbouni, S. (2013). Corporate governance, economic turbulence and financial performance of UAE listed firms.Studies in Economics and Finance,30(2), 118-138. Lechner, C., Gudmundsson, S. V. (2014). Entrepreneurial orientation, firm strategy and small firm performance.International Small Business Journal,32(1), 36-60. Malik, M. M., Abdallah, S., Hussain, M. (2016). Assessing supplier environmental performance: Applying analytical hierarchical process in the United Arab Emirates healthcare chain.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,55, 1313-1321. Malysheva, T. V., Shinkevich, A. I., Kharisova, G. M., Nuretdinova, Y. V., Khasyanov, O. R., Nuretdinov, I. G., ... Kudryavtseva, S. S. (2016). The sustainable development of competitive enterprises through the implementation of innovative development strategy.International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues,6(1). Omri, A. (2014). The nexus among foreign investment, domestic capital and economic growth: Empirical evidence from the MENA region.Research in Economics,68(3), 257-263. Qiu, T. (2014). Product diversification and market value of large international firms: A macroenvironmental perspective.Journal of International Marketing,22(4), 86-107. Ramaswamy, V., Ozcan, K. (2016). Brand value co-creation in a digitalized world: An integrative framework and research implications.International Journal of Research in Marketing,33(1), 93-106. Ray Gehani, R. (2013). Innovative strategic leader transforming from a low-cost strategy to product differentiation strategy.Journal of technologymanagement innovation,8(2), 144-155. Spiess, J., T'Joens, Y., Dragnea, R., Spencer, P., Philippart, L. (2014). Using big data to improve customer experience and business performance.Bell Labs Technical Journal,18(4), 3-17. Zeschky, M. B., Winterhalter, S., Gassmann, O. (2014). From cost to frugal and reverse innovation: Mapping the field and implications for global competitiveness.Research-Technology Management,57(4), 20-27.